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  • ETF Basics

    Posted on March 23rd, 2009 Jordan 46 comments


    by: Jordan Weir

    For many years, investors have attempted to diversify their overall portfolios by trying to pick stocks across a diverse set of asset classes. Which is all well and good, but the problem it generally runs into is you should also be diversified within any given asset class, lest something adverse happen to the company you happened to bet on. Yet as soon as your diversifying both within, and between asset classes, now your running a portfolio of potentially 40+ equities, and even the active investor rarely has time to do due diligence on the hundreds of companies required to find 40 excellent investments.

    What sector you were in had a big impact on returns. You can invest in all these sectors directly! Chart courtesy of www.stockcharts.com.

    The answer lies in a little tool known as the ETF. ETF stands for Exchange Traded fund. Think of it as a mutual fund that isn’t actively managed, focuses on a certain area, and can be traded like a stock without incurring extra penalties. Each ETF holds a number of companies, similar to a mutual fund, and its listed price is simply the overall value of the companies it holds.

    ETFs can focus on certain regions; China for instance, is represented by the FXI. ETFs can focus on certain sectors; Those playing financial stocks may find XLF interesting. It can even focus on certain capitalizations; Those wanting diversification across small cap companies can make a single investment in IWM.

    One question remains; why should an investor choose an ETF over a mutual fund. After all, mutual funds have professional managers whose sole responsibility is the management of money. Surely these investment professionals are the best place to go for excess returns? Well there are a couple downsides to mutual funds that aren’t experienced by ETFs. First off, there are slight tax advantages for ETFs compared to mutual funds. Should a large sell of occur in a mutual fund, the mutual fund has to sell its holdings, and incur capital gains to be paid by the remaining holders of the mutual fund. Due to how ETFs are set up, this cannot occur, and so you only pay capital gains when you sell (or cover) your position.

    Another advantage held by ETFs is their great convenience over their mutual counterparts. Many mutual funds have redemptions fees if you exit within 30 days, whereas ETFs aren’t plagued by this problem. Also, unlike mutual funds, you can go short an ETF, benefitting from a fall in a sector instead of a rise. ETFs can also be bought and sold any time during the trading day, using limit orders, stop losses, and all the other tools you can use for buying stock.

    Furthermore, ETFs are often optionable, so risk can be minimized with covered calls and protective puts, or – if your so inclined – much larger returns can be sought through buying calls and puts on the ETF. Experienced stock option experts may even use advanced stock option strategies, like iron condors and vertical spreads to increase investment returns.

    There are some disadvantages to ETFs as well. Some ETFs have complex structures that can lead them to deviate from what they are supposed to be tracking. A similar instrument, ETNs, can also easily be mistaken for an ETF, leading to some general confusion about what exactly you are investing in. Yet for those willing to put in the work to learn, ETFs can be a highly profitable venture for the modern day portfolio.

    ETFs are a powerful tool for both the intelligent investor, and the active trader. Their ability to hone in and diversify within a given industry, or region of the world is invaluable when riding the larger megatrends that happen periodically in investment. Similarly, the ability to trade them just like a stock, using techniques such as shorting, options, and the various order types make them an invaluable asset for the active trader. For those believing the “efficient market hypothesis”, they even allow passive index investing at a cost far below that of a mutual fund.

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